{"id":21143,"date":"2019-11-13T10:58:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T10:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/satelites_fuegos_brasil\/"},"modified":"2024-09-19T16:26:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T16:26:22","slug":"satelites_fuegos_brasil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/es\/satelites_fuegos_brasil\/","title":{"rendered":"MAAP #113: Los Sat\u00e9lites Revelan qu\u00e9 impuls\u00f3 los Fuegos en la Amazon\u00eda Brasilera"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Mapa Base. Amazon\u00eda brasilera 2019. Datos: UMD\/GLAD, NASA (MODIS), DETER, Hansen\/UMD\/Google\/USGS\/NASA<\/div><\/div>\n

Presentamos dos nuevos hallazgos clave <\/strong>sobre los incendios de la Amazon\u00eda brasilera <\/strong>que captaron la atenci\u00f3n mundial en agosto (vea nuestra novedosa metodolog\u00eda de base satelital, abajo).<\/p>\n

Primero,<\/u> encontramos que muchos de los incendios, cubriendo 450,000 hect\u00e1reas, <\/strong>quemaron \u00e1reas recientemente deforestadas desde el 2017 (anaranjado <\/strong><\/span>en el Mapa Base). Es un \u00e1rea masiva equivalente a 615 mil campos de f\u00fatbol.<\/p>\n

Cabe destacar que el 65% (298,000 hect\u00e1reas) de esta \u00e1rea fue deforestada y quemada este 2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Segundo,<\/u> encontramos 160,400 hect\u00e1reas <\/strong>de bosque primario <\/strong>quemado en el 2019 (morado <\/strong><\/span>en el Mapa Base). * La mayor parte de estas \u00e1reas circundan tierras deforestadas y probablemente el fuego fue generado por pastoreo o agricultura, y luego escap\u00f3 hacia el bosque.<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan sabemos, estos son los primeros estimados precisos <\/strong>basados en un an\u00e1lisis detallado de im\u00e1genes satelitales. Otros estimados se basan \u00fanicamente en las alertas de fuego que, por su amplia resoluci\u00f3n espacial, tienden a sobreestimar las \u00e1reas quemadas.<\/p>\n

A continuaci\u00f3n<\/span>, presentamos una serie de videos satelitales<\/strong> mostrando ejemplos de los diferentes tipos de incendios que hemos documentado.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Implicancias Pol\u00edticas<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Las implicancias pol\u00edticas <\/strong>de estos hallazgos son cr\u00edticamente importantes: el enfoque nacional e internacional tiene que ser en minimizar la deforestaci\u00f3n, <\/strong>adem\u00e1s de la prevenci\u00f3n y manejo del fuego.<\/p>\n

Necesitamos reconocer que muchos de los fuegos son en efecto un indicador rezagado <\/strong>de deforestaci\u00f3n previa. Entonces, para minimizar los fuegos necesitamos minimizar la deforestaci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Por ejemplo, uno de los drivers principales de la deforestaci\u00f3n en la Amazon\u00eda brasilera es la ganader\u00eda (1, 2, 3). \u00bfQu\u00e9 medidas se pueden tomar para prevenir la expansi\u00f3n de la frontera ganadera?<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Videos <\/strong>de Im\u00e1genes Satelitales<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Incendios de Deforestaci\u00f3n<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

El Video A <\/strong>muestra la deforestaci\u00f3n de 1,760 hect\u00e1reas en el estado de Mato Grosso en el 2019 (mayo a julio), seguida de los incendios en agosto. Planet link<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-MG2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

El Video B <\/strong>muestra la deforestaci\u00f3n de 650 hect\u00e1reas en el estado de Rond\u00f4nia, en el 2019 (abril a julio), seguida de los incendios en agosto. Planet link<\/a>.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-Rondonia.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Incendios Forestales<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

El video C <\/strong>muestra la deforestaci\u00f3n del 2019 seguida de los incendios del 2019 que queman al bosque circundante.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-movie-2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

*Notas<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Adem\u00e1s del hallazgo de las 160,000 hect\u00e1reas de bosque primario quemado en el 2019, tambi\u00e9n encontramos:
\n25,800 hect\u00e1reas de bosque secundario quemado en el 2019;
\n35,640 hect\u00e1reas de bosque primario quemado en la parte norte del estado de Roraima, en marzo del 2019 (m\u00e1s un adicional de 16,500 hect\u00e1reas de bosque secundario).<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Metodolog\u00eda<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Deforestation Fires<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

We created two \u201chotspots\u201d layers, one for deforestation and the other for fires, by conducting a kernel density analysis. This type of analysis calculates the magnitude per unit area of a particular phenomenon, in this case forest loss alerts (proxy for deforestation) and temperature anomaly alerts (proxy for fires)<\/p>\n

Specifically, we used the following data three sets:<\/p>\n

2019 GLAD alert forest loss data (30 meter resolution) from the University of Maryland and available on Global Forest Watch.<\/p>\n

2017 and 2018 forest loss data (30 meter resolution) from the University of Maryland and available on Global Forest Watch (4).<\/p>\n

NASA\u2019s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) MODIS-based fire alert data (1 km resolution).<\/p>\n

We conducted the analysis using the Kernel Density tool from Spatial Analyst Tool Box of ArcGIS, using the following parameters:<\/p>\n

Search Radius: 15000 layer units (meters)
\nKernel Density Function: Quartic kernel function
\nCell Size in the map: 200 x 200 meters (4 hectares)
\nEverything else was left to the default setting.<\/p>\n

For the Base Map, we used the following concentration percentages: Medium: 10%-25%; High: 26%-50%; Very High: >50%. We then combined all three categories into one color (yellow for deforestation and red for fire). Orange<\/strong> indicates areas where both layers overlap. As background layer, we also included pre-2019 deforestation data from Brazil\u2019s PRODES system.<\/p>\n

We prioritized the orange overalp areas for further analysis. For the major orange areas in Rond\u00f4nia, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Acre, and Par\u00e1, we conducted a visual analysis using the satellite company\u00a0Planet\u2019s online portal<\/a>, which includes an extensive archive of Planet, RapidEye, Sentinel-2, and Landsat data. Using the archive, we identified areas that we visually confirmed a) were deforested in 2017-19 and b) were later burned in 2019 between July and September. We then used the area measure tool to estimate the size of these areas, which ranged from large plantations ( ~1,000 hectares) to many smaller areas scattered across the focal landscape.<\/p>\n

Forest Fires:<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

To estimate forests burned in 2019 we combined analysis of several datasets. First, we started with 30 meter resolution \u2018burn scar\u2019 data produced by INPE (National Institute for Space Research) DETER alerts, updated through October 2019. In order to avoid overlapping areas, we eliminated alerts previously reported from 2016 to 2018, and alerts from other land use categories (selective logging, deforestation, degradation and mining, and other). Second, we eliminated previously reported 2001-18 forest loss from University of Maryland and INPE (PRODES). Third, to distinguish burning of primary and secondary forest, we incorporated primary forest data from the University of Maryland (5).<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Referencias<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Krauss<\/a> C,\u00a0Yaffe-Bellany<\/a> D, Sim\u00f5es M (2019) Why Amazon Fires Keep Raging 10 Years After a Deal to End Them. New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/10\/world\/americas\/amazon-fires-brazil-cattle.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Kelly M, Cahlan S\u00a0(2019) The Brazilian Amazon is still burning. Who is responsible? Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2019\/10\/07\/brazilian-amazon-is-still-burning-who-is-responsible\/#click=https:\/\/t.co\/q2XkSQWQ77<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Al Jazeera (2019) See How Beef Is Destroying The Amazon. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9o2M_KL8X6g&feature=youtu.be<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Hansen, M. C., P. V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S. A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, S. V. Stehman, S. J. Goetz, T. R. Loveland, A. Kommareddy, A. Egorov, L. Chini, C. O. Justice, and J. R. G. Townshend. 2013. \u201cHigh-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.\u201d Science 342 (15 November): 850\u201353.<\/li>\n
  5. Turubanova S., Potapov P., Tyukavina, A., and Hansen M. (2018) Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia.\u00a0Environmental Research Letters\u00a0<\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aacd1c\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    <\/div>\n

    Agradecimientos<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Agradecemos a G. Palacios por sus \u00fatiles comentarios a este reporte.<\/p>\n

    Este trabajo se realiz\u00f3 con el financiamiento de: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), International Conservation Fund of Canada (ICFC), Fundaci\u00f3n MacArthur, Metabolic Studio, and Global Forest Watch Small Grants Fund (WRI).<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

    Cita<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Finer M, Mamani N (2019) Los Sat\u00e9lites Revelan qu\u00e9 impuls\u00f3 los Fuegos en la Amazon\u00eda Brasilera. MAAP: 113.<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Presentamos dos nuevos hallazgos clave sobre los incendios de la Amazon\u00eda brasilera que captaron la atenci\u00f3n mundial en agosto (vea nuestra novedosa metodolog\u00eda de base satelital, abajo). Primero, encontramos que muchos de los incendios, cubriendo 450,000 hect\u00e1reas, quemaron \u00e1reas recientemente deforestadas desde el 2017 (anaranjado en el Mapa Base). 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