{"id":23036,"date":"2019-11-13T10:58:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T10:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/?p=23036"},"modified":"2024-09-26T18:36:32","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T18:36:32","slug":"maap-113-portugues","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/pt-br\/maap-113-portugues\/","title":{"rendered":"MAAP #113: Sat\u00e9lites revelam o que alimentou os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Mapa base. Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira 2019. Dados: UMD\/GLAD, NASA (MODIS), DETER, Hansen\/UMD\/Google\/USGS\/NASA.<\/span><\/i><\/div><\/div>\n

Como parte de nossa <\/span>cobertura cont\u00ednua<\/span><\/a> , apresentamos <\/span>duas novas descobertas importantes<\/b> sobre os <\/span>inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira<\/b> que chamaram a aten\u00e7\u00e3o do mundo em agosto (veja nossa nova metodologia baseada em sat\u00e9lite abaixo).<\/span><\/p>\n

Primeiro<\/span> , descobrimos que muitos dos inc\u00eandios, cobrindo mais de <\/span>450.000 hectares<\/b> , queimaram \u00e1reas recentemente desmatadas desde 2017 ( <\/span>laranja<\/b> no Mapa Base). Essa \u00e9 uma \u00e1rea enorme equivalente a mais de um milh\u00e3o de acres (ou 830.000 campos de futebol americano), principalmente nos estados do Amazonas, Rond\u00f4nia e Par\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9 importante destacar que 65% (298.000 hectares) dessa \u00e1rea foram desmatados e queimados neste ano <\/span>de 2019<\/b> .<\/span><\/p>\n

Em segundo lugar<\/span> , encontramos <\/span>160.400 hectares<\/b> de <\/span>floresta prim\u00e1ria<\/b> queimada em 2019 ( <\/span>roxo<\/b> no Mapa Base).* A maioria dessas \u00e1reas circunda terras desmatadas nos estados de Mato Grosso e Par\u00e1, e provavelmente eram pastagens ou inc\u00eandios agr\u00edcolas que escaparam para a floresta.<\/span><\/p>\n

At\u00e9 onde sabemos, essas s\u00e3o as <\/span>primeiras estimativas precisas<\/b> baseadas em an\u00e1lises detalhadas de imagens de sat\u00e9lite. Outras estimativas baseadas somente em alertas de inc\u00eandio tendem a superestimar muito as \u00e1reas queimadas devido \u00e0 sua grande resolu\u00e7\u00e3o espacial.<\/span><\/p>\n

Abaixo apresentamos uma s\u00e9rie de v\u00eddeos de sat\u00e9lite em lapso de tempo mostrando exemplos dos diferentes tipos de inc\u00eandios que documentamos.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Implica\u00e7\u00f5es pol\u00edticas<\/strong><\/h3>\n

As\u00a0\u00a0implica\u00e7\u00f5es pol\u00edticas<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0dessas descobertas s\u00e3o extremamente importantes: o foco nacional e internacional precisa estar na\u00a0minimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de novos desmatamentos<\/strong>\u00a0, al\u00e9m da preven\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o de inc\u00eandios.<\/p>\n

Ou seja, precisamos reconhecer que muitos dos inc\u00eandios s\u00e3o, na verdade, um\u00a0indicador atrasado<\/strong>\u00a0do desmatamento anterior, portanto, para\u00a0minimizar os inc\u00eandios, precisamos minimizar o desmatamento<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

Por exemplo, um dos principais impulsionadores do desmatamento na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira \u00e9\u00a0a pecu\u00e1ria<\/strong>\u00a0(1, 2, 3). Quais medidas podem ser tomadas para evitar a expans\u00e3o adicional da fronteira da pecu\u00e1ria?<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

V\u00eddeos de lapso de tempo de sat\u00e9lite<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Desmatamento seguido de inc\u00eandio<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

O v\u00eddeo A<\/strong>\u00a0mostra o desmatamento de 1.760 hectares (4.350 acres) no estado do Mato Grosso em 2019 (maio a julho), seguido por inc\u00eandios em agosto.\u00a0Planet link<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-MG2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

O v\u00eddeo B<\/strong>\u00a0mostra o desmatamento de 650 hectares (1.600 acres) no estado de Rond\u00f4nia em 2019 (abril a julho), seguido por inc\u00eandio em agosto.\u00a0Planet link<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-Rondonia.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

D<\/strong><\/em>esmatamento causado pelo fogo<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

Os v\u00eddeos em CD<\/strong>\u00a0mostram inc\u00eandios de 2019 queimando florestas prim\u00e1rias ou secund\u00e1rias ao redor de \u00e1reas recentemente ou anteriormente desmatadas.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-movie-2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/maaproject.org-maap-113-satellites-reveal-what-fueled-brazilian-amazon-fires-forest-fire2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n
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*Notas<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Al\u00e9m da descoberta de 160.400 hectares de floresta prim\u00e1ria queimada em 2019, tamb\u00e9m encontramos: 25.800 hectares de floresta secund\u00e1ria queimada em 2019;
\n35.640 hectares de floresta prim\u00e1ria queimada no estado de Roraima, no norte do pa\u00eds, em mar\u00e7o de 2019 (mais 16.500 hectares adicionais de floresta secund\u00e1ria).<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Metodologia<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Desmatamento Inc\u00eandios<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

Criamos duas camadas de \u201chotspots\u201d, uma para desmatamento e outra para inc\u00eandios, conduzindo uma an\u00e1lise de densidade kernel. Esse tipo de an\u00e1lise calcula a magnitude por unidade de \u00e1rea de um fen\u00f4meno espec\u00edfico, nesse caso alertas de perda florestal (proxy para desmatamento) e alertas de anomalia de temperatura (proxy para inc\u00eandios)<\/p>\n

Especificamente, usamos os seguintes tr\u00eas conjuntos de dados:<\/p>\n

Dados de perda florestal do alerta GLAD de 2019 (resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 30 metros) da Universidade de Maryland e dispon\u00edveis no Global Forest Watch.<\/p>\n

Dados de perda florestal de 2017 e 2018 (resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 30 metros) da Universidade de Maryland e dispon\u00edveis no Global Forest Watch (4).<\/p>\n

Dados de alerta de inc\u00eandio baseados no MODIS do Sistema de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es de Inc\u00eandio para Gerenciamento de Recursos (FIRMS) da NASA (resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 1 km).<\/p>\n

Realizamos a an\u00e1lise utilizando a ferramenta Kernel Density do Spatial Analyst Tool Box do ArcGIS, utilizando os seguintes par\u00e2metros:<\/p>\n

Raio de busca: 15.000 unidades de camada (metros)
\nFun\u00e7\u00e3o de densidade do kernel: Fun\u00e7\u00e3o do kernel qu\u00e1rtico
\nTamanho da c\u00e9lula no mapa: 200 x 200 metros (4 hectares)
\nTodo o resto foi deixado na configura\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Para o Mapa Base, usamos as seguintes porcentagens de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o: M\u00e9dio: 10%-25%; Alto: 26%-50%; Muito Alto: >50%. Em seguida, combinamos todas as tr\u00eas categorias em uma cor (amarelo para desmatamento e vermelho para fogo).\u00a0Laranja<\/strong>\u00a0indica \u00e1reas onde ambas as camadas se sobrep\u00f5em. Como camada de fundo, tamb\u00e9m inclu\u00edmos dados de desmatamento pr\u00e9-2019 do sistema PRODES do Brasil.<\/p>\n

Priorizamos as \u00e1reas de laranja overalp para an\u00e1lise posterior. Para as principais \u00e1reas de laranja em Rond\u00f4nia, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Acre e Par\u00e1, conduzimos uma an\u00e1lise visual usando o\u00a0\u00a0portal online da empresa de sat\u00e9lite Planet<\/a>\u00a0, que inclui um extenso arquivo de dados Planet, RapidEye, Sentinel-2 e Landsat. Usando o arquivo, identificamos \u00e1reas que confirmamos visualmente que a) foram desmatadas em 2017-19 e b) foram posteriormente queimadas em 2019 entre julho e setembro. Em seguida, usamos a ferramenta de medi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1rea para estimar o tamanho dessas \u00e1reas, que variaram de grandes planta\u00e7\u00f5es (~1.000 hectares) a muitas \u00e1reas menores espalhadas pela paisagem focal.<\/p>\n

Inc\u00eandios florestais:<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

Para estimar as florestas queimadas em 2019, combinamos a an\u00e1lise de v\u00e1rios conjuntos de dados. Primeiro, come\u00e7amos com dados de ‘cicatrizes de queimadas’ com resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 30 metros produzidos pelos alertas DETER do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), atualizados at\u00e9 outubro de 2019. Para evitar \u00e1reas sobrepostas, eliminamos alertas relatados anteriormente de 2016 a 2018 e alertas de outras categorias de uso da terra (extra\u00e7\u00e3o seletiva de madeira, desmatamento, degrada\u00e7\u00e3o e minera\u00e7\u00e3o, e outros). Segundo, eliminamos perdas florestais relatadas anteriormente de 2001-18 pela Universidade de Maryland e pelo INPE (PRODES). Terceiro, para distinguir queimadas de florestas prim\u00e1rias e secund\u00e1rias, incorporamos dados de florestas prim\u00e1rias da Universidade de Maryland (5).<\/p>\n

Forest Fires:<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n

To estimate forests burned in 2019 we combined analysis of several datasets. First, we started with 30 meter resolution \u2018burn scar\u2019 data produced by INPE (National Institute for Space Research) DETER alerts, updated through October 2019. In order to avoid overlapping areas, we eliminated alerts previously reported from 2016 to 2018, and alerts from other land use categories (selective logging, deforestation, degradation and mining, and other). Second, we eliminated previously reported 2001-18 forest loss from University of Maryland and INPE (PRODES). Third, to distinguish burning of primary and secondary forest, we incorporated primary forest data from the University of Maryland (5).<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Refer\u00eancias<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Krauss<\/a>\u00a0C,\u00a0\u00a0Yaffe-Bellany<\/a>\u00a0D, Sim\u00f5es M (2019) Por que os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia continuam ocorrendo 10 anos ap\u00f3s um acordo para acabar com eles. New York Times.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/10\/10\/world\/americas\/amazon-fires-brazil-cattle.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Kelly M, Cahlan S (2019) A Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira ainda est\u00e1 queimando. Quem \u00e9 o respons\u00e1vel? Washington Post.\u00a0https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2019\/10\/07\/brazilian-amazon-is-still-burning-who-is-responsible\/#click=https:\/\/t.co\/q2XkSQWQ77<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Al Jazeera (2019) Veja como a carne bovina est\u00e1 destruindo a Amaz\u00f4nia.\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9o2M_KL8X6g&feature=youtu.be<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Hansen, MC, PV Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, SA Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, SV Stehman, SJ Goetz, TR Loveland, A. Kommareddy, A. Egorov, L. Chini, CO Justice e JRG Townshend. 2013. \u201cMapas globais de alta resolu\u00e7\u00e3o da mudan\u00e7a da cobertura florestal do s\u00e9culo XXI.\u201d Science 342 (15 de novembro): 850\u201353.<\/li>\n
  5. Turubanova S., Potapov P., Tyukavina, A., e Hansen M. (2018) Perda cont\u00ednua de florestas prim\u00e1rias no Brasil, Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica do Congo e Indon\u00e9sia.\u00a0\u00a0Environmental Research Letters\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aacd1c\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    <\/div>\n

    Agradecimentos<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Este trabalho foi apoiado pelos seguintes financiadores principais: Funda\u00e7\u00e3o MacArthur, Fundo Internacional de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do Canad\u00e1 (ICFC), Ag\u00eancia Norueguesa para Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento (NORAD), Metabolic Studio e Fundo de Pequenos Subs\u00eddios da Global Forest Watch (WRI).<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n

    Cita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Finer M, Mamani N (2019) Sat\u00e9lites revelam o que alimentou os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira. MAAP: 113.<\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Como parte de nossa cobertura cont\u00ednua , apresentamos duas novas descobertas importantes sobre os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira que chamaram a aten\u00e7\u00e3o do mundo em agosto (veja nossa nova metodologia baseada em sat\u00e9lite abaixo). Primeiro , descobrimos que muitos dos inc\u00eandios, cobrindo mais de 450.000 hectares , queimaram \u00e1reas recentemente desmatadas desde 2017 ( laranja […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"ftr_agriculture":[356],"carbon-and-climate-change":[],"ftr_country":[449],"fire":[],"infrastructure-threat":[],"land-use":[],"mining-and-logging-threat":[],"natural-forest-loss":[],"special-analysis":[],"class_list":["post-23036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nao-categorizado","ftr_agriculture-pasto-de-gado","ftr_country-brasil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMAAP #113: Sat\u00e9lites revelam o que alimentou os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira - MAAP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maapprogram.org\/pt-br\/maap-113-portugues\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MAAP #113: Sat\u00e9lites revelam o que alimentou os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira - MAAP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Como parte de nossa cobertura cont\u00ednua , apresentamos duas novas descobertas importantes sobre os inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira que chamaram a aten\u00e7\u00e3o do mundo em agosto (veja nossa nova metodologia baseada em sat\u00e9lite abaixo). 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